Page Aim
The Internationa Initiatives page gives details of international initiatives to combat our global unsustainability. This page follows up with details of recent British legislation that's both devolving centralised powers and giving communities official decision taking and policy making frameworks through which to address the local impacts of global problems.
Page Contents
Earth Summit, 1992
LA21 and other UK Follow-Up Action
ES2, 1997
Britain's LA21 Review
A Blueprint for Global Community Participation
ES2: Information Flow
WSSD, 2002
Local Council Action Since WSSD
Locality Working
Local Government Act 2000
Taking It On: Developing UK Sustainable Development Strategy
Together
Local Strategic Partnerships – Shaping Their Future
Strong and Prosperous Communities
Sustainable Communities Act 2007
Comprehensive Community Engagement Strategies
Communities in Control
Bibliography
Page Updates
Additional information will be added as time allows. Anyone who can provide summaries of, or details about, other documents is urged to get in touch.
“Humanity stands at a defining moment in history. We are confronted with a perpetuation of disparities within and between nations, a worsening of poverty, ill health, hunger and illiteracy, and the continuing deterioration of the ecosystems on which we depend for our well being.”
Preamble 1.1, Agenda 21.
The Earth Summit, 1992
1 – 15 June 1992
The UK Government’s Follow-up Action
Local Agenda 21
The UN’s Agenda 21, endorsed by 178 world leaders, laid down a blueprint for the grassroots S&P we must all embrace. So we can look back to Agenda 21 for the sort of ‘think global act local’ issues we must pursue across our localities’ three sectors.
Agenda 21 also set out the way we should approach S&P work, avoiding both confrontation and uninformed participation in favour of information and education provision.
It would have been just as counter productive to attack people for continuing to do things in the way they always had as it would to try solving problems with the ways of thinking that had thrown them up in the first place.
During 1993 the UK's LA21 programme was established through a coalition of five local government associations.
“Over two thirds of the statements in Agenda 21 which have been adopted by national governments cannot be delivered without the commitment and co-operation of local government.”
“If LA21 is to lead to real changes, the thinking and principles which it stands for will have to be fully integrated into the heart of the local authority. Sustainable development will have to form the vision for the local authority as a whole… it entails a complete rethinking of the function of local government, a new partnership between governors and governed, new priorities and a new way of thinking.”
Jane Morris, Management Adviser, Local Government Management Board.
Other National Initiatives
The Earth Summit prompted a great deal of national activity to address the concerns that had been raised. During the years between the 1992 and 1997 Summits the British Government published several strategy proposals, such as;
Climate Change; the UK Programme.
Biodiversity; the UK Action Plan.
Sustainable Forestry; the UK Programme.
Rural England; a Nation Committed to a Living Countryside.
A Waste Strategy for England and Wales.
Transport; the Way Forward.
UK Indicators of Sustainable Development.
During the same period the Government took a number of other impressive measures, such as;
The publication of Sustainable Development; the UK Strategy.
This set up the British Government Panel on Sustainable Development,
a Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, a Lords Select Committee
on Sustainable Development and a Department of the Environment Advisory
Committee on Business and the Environment. It also introduced
environmental reporting for Government departments, with the appointment
of green ministers. The Strategy’s Local Citizens Environmental
Action Programme proved less effective than was hoped.
The establishment of the Environment Agency and introduction
of a national air quality strategy (through the Environment Act
1995).
The setting of landfill tax rates (in the 1995 Budget).
The launch of the Going for Green company and support for Global
Action Plan UK (through the Department of the Environment).
The publication of Habitats Directive Planning Policy Guidelines,
strengthening local authorities’ role in nature conservation.
The introduction of the UK Round Table on Sustainable Development.
Ongoing, though limited, support for local authorities’ LA21
programmes.
Earth Summit 2, 1997
23 – 27 June 1997
Britain’s LA21 Review
The LGMB had set up the UK LA21 Steering Committee, which identified the three main criticisms being raised about the UK’s nationwide LA21 – a lack of Government resourcing, statutory support and target setting.
There was also criticism of LA21’s failure to gain a higher profile, considering the importance and urgency of its work and high level of public awareness of some third sector organisations working in the field.
This was particularly annoying for those asserting that the main thrust of Government policy was support for personal attitude change. Environmentalists surmised that while this approach paid lip service to sustainability concerns and shifted responsibility to individuals it was impractical for people to save energy, use their cars less or reduce waste without Government backing for home insulation schemes, public transport or kerbside recycling.
A Blueprint for Global Community Participation
In the spirit of Agenda 21, ES2 provided an unprecedented – and to date unrepeated – model of grassroots-up, community, national and global participation.
Unusually, it was chaired by an NGO representative, (from UNED-UK) and included addresses from the NGOs, Greenpeace and Third World Network. Reports to the Summit indicated that there were LA21 programmes involving public participation in over 60 countries.
Similarly, the UNCSD was a main source of input into the Summit. The UN was established to undertake work through the representatives of those governments who comprise its membership; the work of the CSD is unique in being open to direct public input.
In Britain, as elsewhere, the international Summit provided both impetus and a focus for S&P work. Reports were submitted to ES2 from the Government (UK National Report), from local authorities (Local Government Report) and from local communities through the UK Citizens Report.
This contribution was compiled by LGMB and UNED-UK following the distribution of educational materials, a nationwide series of town hall public meetings, the submission of national and local third sector assessment reports and a major national ‘Building Sustainable Communities’ networking conference.
The aim of such extensive grassroots participation was to review LA21 successes and highlight what factors are preventing people from living less unsustainably – effectively holding the Government accountable for areas of inaction.
ES2: Information Flow
United Nations ES2
/ | \
UNCSD Review – ICLEI – UN Summits
|
LGMB
|
Council Reports
/ | \
Councils – Businesses – Communities
\ | /
LGMB – National Third Sector – DETR
– International Organisations
The diagram gives a rough idea of the flow of information and feedback – and unprecedented grassroots participation in global processes during preparations for ES2.
It also serves to illustrate that since Rio S&P action had been taking place on all levels, with communities’ LA21 initiatives paralleling United Nations’ Habitat (Istanbul), Women (Beijing), and Social (Copenhagen) Summits.
Here, Britain’s LGMB played a key role; elsewhere of course the ICLEI submission was compiled from LA21 / local authority reports received through other means.
WSSD, 2002
26 August – 4 September 2002
Local Council Action Since WSSD
Although the WSSD Action Plan was seen as a retreat from Agenda 21, its recognition of the need for governments to “develop national programmes for… local and community development”, led into governments’ agreement to “enhance the role and capacity of local authorities… in implementing Agenda 21”.
Paragraph 149 of the Summit Plan of Implementation was agreed by all signatory nations. It reaffirmed local authorities and communities’ responsibility for realising Agenda 21.
“UK local governments need to be aware that while LA21 here is increasingly being subsumed (and in many cases marginalised and diluted) under the banner of Community Strategies, the international community and EU are pressing ahead with LA21 as the key vehicle for implementing Agenda 21.”
Bob Evans. Director, Sustainable Cities Research Institute Northumbria University.
At the Summit’s local government session, ICLEI made a declaration, on behalf of local sustainability officers, committing local government to the Earth Charter and Melbourne Principles, highlighting the need to move the sustainability imperative forward from local agenda setting to local action. The International Council also issued the Johannesburg Call, a statement by local government committing itself to the sustainability of people and planet and urging national government to recognise the key role of localities.
Formal liaison between the UN and local government is conducted through the UN Advisory Committee on Local Authorities, though since the 1996 UN Habitat Summit in Istanbul local authorities have had particularly strong links with the UN Commission on Human Settlements.
“Governments have failed to admit that structures put in place by them… are often the main barriers to more effective local change.”
Chris Church. Co-chair, ANPED.
Councils should, “ensure that the voices of all get heard – not just the most vociferous, powerful or well established… it means safeguarding the interests of future members of the community.”
Strong Local Leadership: Quality Public Services. ODPM, 2001.
Locality Working
"People and communities should now take power from the state and that means... a rejuvenation of the way we govern."
Gordon Brown, Labour Party Conference, autumn 2006.
"Just as in the last century governments had to take power from vested interests in the interests of communities, in the new century people and communities should now take power from the state, and that means... I want a radical shift of power from the centre."
Gordon Brown, 'Putting People First', June 2006.
Over recent years the British Government has been rolling out a participation agenda through numerous locality working initiatives:
The established SCSs, LSPs and related processes, such as CENs,
LAAs, LDFs.
The National Indicator Set, which includes measures of community
engagement.
Annual CAA reports encouraging engagement.
The responsibilities and duties of local council members have
been strengthened to respond to / take the lead on local issues
through petitions and calls for action.
The Sustainable Communities Act 2007.
The Duty to Inform, Duty to Consult and Involve, Duty to Cooperate
and Comprehensive Area Agreement.
Proposed legislation - the Local Democracy, Economic Development
and Construction Bill and Equalities Bill.
Production of the IDeA / LGA self assessment website tool to
highlight citizen involvement.
CLG publications including Creating Strong, Safe and Prosperous
Communities, Action Plan for Community Empowerment, Third Sector
Principles of Representation and the NI14 guide on influencing decision
making / strategies for increasing empowerment.
The LGA / NCVO Votes and Voices paper which outlines the complementary
nature of representative and participatory democracy.
"Since 2000 there has been a steady move towards devolving decision-making to local level and empowering citizens to have more of a say in decisions that affect their lives. In order to achieve this there is a need for representative and participatory democracy...'
'Leading Lights', Urban Forum, 2009.
Local Government Act 2000
In Britain the Local Government Act 2000 required local authorities to prepare Community Strategies to facilitate more sustainable development patterns, whose goals and priorities are shaped by both local and wider regional, national and global sustainability concerns.
One of the means of achieving the necessary perspectives was a requirement that Strategies outline a long term vision for their area. To produce these Strategies the Act suggested local authorities establish community participation processes, through LSPs and CENs in the country's more deprived areas.
“Community Strategies should be a practical tool for councils and their partners to contribute to the achievement of sustainable development locally and nationally”
DETR LSP Guidance, 2000.
“The Government wants to see sustainable development become a mainstream issue for local authorities, their partners and communities. We believe the most effective way to achieve this is to subsume local Agenda 21 strategies within Community Strategies.”
Strong Local Leadership; Quality Public Services, paragraph 4.22 DETR White Paper
“Sustainable development means treating the issues of poverty, environmental management and social issues together... How can local demands be treated alongside broader national and global requirements? And how do you get a decision-making process with ‘the maximum possible participation’ (as called for by Agenda 21).”
Introduction National Strategies for Sustainable Development IIED, UK DfID, UNEP, 2002.
Our communities were having to become increasingly involved in the decision-making that affected us. As explained above, the groundwork for this had been done by the UK’s LA21.
By December 2000 over 90% of municipalities had produced LA21 documents. Indeed, some initial Community Strategies were simply adaptations of these, and many of the others were produced using the community processes that had been established as a direct result of Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration.
Such community partnership and participation not only served to address the ‘democratic deficit’, where political parties have gained powers disproportionate to the number of people voting for them, but also recognised that bottom-up processes must take on board the changes necessary to tackle our increasingly unsustainable way of life; for such difficult changes must have the support of – and ideally a mandate from – communities made aware of the consequences of continued inaction.
“Government organisations should… provide environmental and development information services to mobilise their experience in shaping public behaviour and consumption patterns. Non-governmental organisations should be involved.”
Chapter 36. Agenda 21: A Guide for Local Authorities in the UK. Published by the LGMB for Local Authority Associations and LGIB.
There are so many barriers to thwart us in our attempts to make changes – institutional structures, vested interests, personal behaviour – but these are not insurmountable. There are people all around us who have had to undergo a similar systemic sea change in the way they’ve thought and acted, such as those who’ve found it necessary to move from their own countries to live in very different surroundings, or those who had to come to terms with the changes that occurred when our own country went into the last world war.
Taking It On: Developing UK Sustainable Development Strategy Together
Defra, 2004
The aim of this Government paper was to bring together global sustainability and local participation through the work currently being initiated and led by local authorities.
The document’s opening paragraph points out that councils “have a crucial role to play in delivering community wellbeing, and therefore the delivery of the Government’s Sustainable Development Strategy”. It then goes on to admit that while “the scale of the challenge facing us all has grown” (since 1992’s Agenda 21?) “by re-energising efforts to put the different dimensions of sustainable development into practice in delivering community wellbeing, a longer lasting, more effective difference can be made… safeguarding future quality of life for communities in the UK and abroad”.
“Government must provide a clear understanding of and commitment to sustainable development so that all people can contribute to the overall goal through their individual actions”.
Securing the Future; Delivering the UK Sustainable Development Strategy.
“Local authorities have a crucial role to play in delivering community wellbeing, and therefore the delivery of the Government’s Sustainable Development Strategy”.
Taking It On; Developing Sustainable Development Strategy Together. Defra 2004.
Referring to the Preparing Community Strategies guidelines (DTLR 2000) and A Better Quality of Life (DETE 1999), Taking It On highlights the four core elements of community wellbeing “which lie at the heart of the Government’s commitment to sustainable development”.
These are:
“the ways in which national and global concerns can be addressed
through local action”
“taking account of the needs of future generations and developing
a long term vision”
“engaging and involving local communities, using the untapped
pool of ideas, knowledge, skills, experience, energy and enthusiasm
among individuals, groups and communities as a whole…”
achieving a balance between economic, social and environmental
wellbeing… ie, “tackling cross-cutting issues in a coherent way”
The paper recognises the need for a coherent framework “within which local service providers and communities can themselves put into practice the core principles of sustainable development.”
Defra asserts that the foundations for this are already in place; “Responsibility for delivering sustainable development at the local level sits with a range of service providers… Community Strategies and Local Strategic Partnerships are particularly important for providing a coherent framework for local service providers and their partners from the voluntary, community and private sectors.”
The paper highlights the importance of footprinting, urging our own local communities not to import the effects of their decisions “across regional and international borders”. “The Government’s Guidance stated that Community Strategies should contribute to achieving sustainable development in the UK and consider wider regional, national or international issues resulting from local action. Just as the LA21 initiative followed the Rio Summit in 1992, the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg during 2002 has led to a commitment to encourage production of local action plans for local delivery.”
Taking It On notes the conclusions of two recent reports on the development of grassroots sustainability – the Egan Review and Joseph Rowntree Foundation’s Bigger Picture study both emphasised the role of Community Strategies in developing sustainable communities and questioned the extent to which these are genuinely addressing our unsustainability.
The remainder of the Defra dialogue paper examines other local means of delivering sustainable development, for example through CPA, Best Value and other audit regimes, Local Compacts, LDFs, RSDFs and QoLs.
Local Strategic Partnerships – Shaping Their Future
ODPM, 2006
Early in 2006 the ODPM published a report on the progress of LSPs to launch a nationwide consultation on LSP development.
“Community Strategies and Local Strategic Partnerships have a critical role in further developing coherent service provision and genuinely sustainable communities.”
Local Strategic Partnerships – Shaping Their Future. ODPM, 2006.
Although the Local Government Act 2000 made the production of area Community Strategies a statutory requirement, the establishment of LSPs was voluntary, unless an area was one of the 88 in receipt of Neighbourhood Renewal Funding. However, every area now has an LSP and there are over 360 working across England. These Partnerships, and their associated Sustainable Community Strategy production processes, involve a range of public bodies and organisations representing the market and third sectors.
“The change in focus of Community Strategies to become Sustainable Community Strategies… reflects the increasingly important role of Community Strategies in helping to deliver genuinely sustainable communities which balance and integrate economic, social and environmental goals. Many Community Strategies have in the past struggled to articulate how they will address the area’s longer term and cross-boundary issues.”
Local Strategic Partnerships – Shaping Their Future. ODPM, 2006.
The ODPM paper serves to highlight some of the concerns raised by Community Strategies and LSP working and indicates the way these may evolve. See this site’s Helpful Books page.
“What learning or development… is required by LSPs in order to deliver sustainable communities that embody the principles of sustainable development at the local level?
Local Strategic Partnerships – Shaping Their Future. ODPM, 2006.
Strong and Prosperous Communities
The Local Government White Paper 2006 and subsequent Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 established additional legal obligations for councils - such as the duty to produce LAAs identifying priorities and targets. It also introduced the Duty to Involve (ie councils' duty to involve communities) and Duty to Cooperate (ie statutory organisations' duty to work with councils on SCSs and LAAs). Statutory guidance on implementation followed. Strong and Prosperous Communities recognised the importance of the VCS in representing and reaching communities of interest not normally heard.
The Sustainable Communities Act 2007
Over the past few years communities have expressed mounting concerns over community decline - with people’s lives being badly hit by the loss of local post offices, shops, pharmacies, banks, health, community and leisure centres, cafes, public transport, open spaces and schools.
At the same time, and rather ironically, there’s been a widening gap between people and local government, and a growing frustration that we have no say in the decision taking that affects our daily lives.
After a five year campaign the Sustainable Communities Act became law during October 2007.
The Act introduces measures that can reverse the traditional top-down way of policy making, establishing a co-operative basis for involvement between communities, local councils and the Government. This grassroots participation is definitely not going to be like traditional consultation exercises whereby government asks for people’s ideas only to ignore them.
The Act has been championed by Local Works, and was set up by the New Economics Foundation which has long questioned the sustainability of current economic policies and their impact on neighbourhoods. However, it has gained cross party support, with a Government Minister recently calling it one of the three most important Acts of the last 40 years and telling the House of Commons he believed “it will change the relationships in British politics”
There are several locality working initiatives at present. What makes the Act so different?
The Act provides communities with the opportunity to demand that issues are debated and that responses are made at national level.
During October 2008 the Government wrote to councils inviting them to consider whether they wished to ‘opt-in’ to the Act, giving them until 31 July 2009 to respond. If a council does opt-in it will then have to set up a Citizens’ Panel to involve and empower local people, including those groups who are usually under represented.
In turn, by seeking Government assistance in “promoting the sustainability of local communities” and by encouraging “participation in civic and political activity” Councils opting-in will be able to take from Government a number of responsibilities and associated budgets.
The Act is supported by many national organisations, including Help the Aged, Garden Organic, Rural Shops Alliance, National Pensioners Alliance, Friends of the Earth, the WI, Black Environment Network, Unison, the Co-operative, and the National Council for Voluntary Organisations.
Local groups, communities and individuals across Coventry and Warwickshire were contacted about the importance of opting-in and Citizens’ Panels.
“This is the first major reversal of the power structure that has ever been enshrined in law... This is the new bottom-up process we fought so hard for.”
Ron Bailey and Stephen Shaw of Local Works, the organisation behind the Act.
More information
Communities in Control
“The days of the all-purpose authority that planned and delivered everything are gone. It is in partnership with others – public agencies, private companies, community groups and voluntary organisations – that local government’s future lies.”
Paragraph 1.9, bullet 2. Modernising Local Government: Local Democracy and Community Leadership DETR. 1998.
The empowerment White Paper, Communities in Control: Real People, Real Power followed in 2008. It sets out the CLG vision for the future of democracy, society and citizenship and how power should pass into the hands of communities. Building on Strong and Prosperous Communities, the paper covers several related themes - active citizenship, information access, influence, accountability, redress. It acknowledges the importance of participative democracy and the third sectors' role in decision and provision making.
The White Paper's proposals were subsequently incorporated in the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Bill 2008, which included the Duty to Promote Democracy (ie the development of councils' duty to involve communities). It also strengthened the accountability of local authorities to local communities, through Overview and Scrutiny processes, and supported the development of more town and parish level decision making.
Comprehensive Community Engagement Strategies
Community Engagement Strategies are needed to provide a framework that links work at neighbourhood, district, county and subregional levels, as well as areas' many different engagement and empowerment processes. It is also necessary for them to agree a terminology.
While the CCES explains processes and the way they connect, community engagement gives service users a say in how service providers are performing - this is necessary to strengthen Partnership accountability and legitimacy. A related objective is to move service delivery away from organisational conventions and closer to meeting local community needs.
The CCES initiative develops Government locality working policy by giving communities responsibility for some decision taking previously made for them at national level. The key role of the VCS continues to be highlighted in this, and it is important to note:
Through a CCES citizens should be able to gain the power to take
decisions not only about public services but about other matters
that affect their lives.
The statutory "duty to involve" refers to the need
for local processes to include not only third sector organisations,
but also "marginalised groups" and others "hard to
hear".
The CCES "provides the means to engage with and address the issues that all partners are concerned with but none are solely responsible for, such as migration, sustainable development, social cohesion and inequality."
Developing Your Comprehensive Community Strategy: a Practical Guide for LSPs. Published by IDeA, Urban Forum and NAVCA. 2009.
Concerns
Concerns about conventional local democracy include:
Low voter turnout - and consequent legitimacy of elected members
and councils.
Effectiveness - only 10% of VCSs surveyed by Urban Forum considered
their areas' councillors to be effective.
Accountability - a 2008 CLG poll showed that 90% of people believe
councils should have to answer to their local communities.
Allegiances - a MORI poll found that 58% of the public believe
that councillors put party before community, with 19% saying council
decisions are out of touch with local views.
Concerns about measures being implemented to increase greater community participation include:
LSP memberships are not reflecting local demographies. Urban
Forum has found that only 20% of them monitor their percentage of
women and BME group representatives.
Third sector input processes are not resourced. Even established
CENs are uncertain about their future, with many now being kept
afloat by LIO or transition funding.
VCS input needs more frameworking, transparancy and accountability.
Counter productive Government policy. For example, England's Regional Assemblies had seats for VCS representatives, but these Assemblies' strategic role was subsequently transferred to the market sector led RDAs.
Concerns about addressing the impacts of global unsustainability upon local communities through greater community participation include:
The exclusion from meaningful participation of those working
on unsustainability concerns.
The lack of weight given to sustainablity imperatives.
The absence of relevant information and education.
The untenable logic advocating regeneration and built development
as ways to tackle unsustainability.
Bibliography
Many of the titles listed on this site's Internationa Initiatives and Helpful Books pages have been used to research its information content. While most of the books can be readily obtained through shops, mail order or local library services, there are many documents, articles and papers that may now be more difficult to obtain. Some of these information sources are listed here.
A to Z
Advice to Local Authorities on Agenda 21. LGMB.
Agenda 21 and LA21: A Short Guide. London Ecology Centre. 1995.
Agenda 21: a Plain Language Guide. Centre for Our Common Future.
Agenda 21: Panacea or Pipe Dream? Bernard Payne. Green Christian. 1995.
Agenda 21: Roundtable Guidance Notes. LGMB.
A Better Quality of Life; A Strategy for Sustainable Development for the UK. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. 1999.
Are Educators Ready for the Next Earth Summit? UNED Forum. 2001.
Building Civil Renewal. Home Office. 2003.
Community Involvement in LSPs. Urban Forum and CDF. 2001.
Community Leadership and Community Strategies. Local Government Association. 2000.
Community Participation and Empowerment: Putting Theory into Practice. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. 1994.
Community Works. New Economics Foundation. 1999.
Compact: Getting It Right Together. Home Office. 1998.
Connections. United Nations Environment and Development Forum. Quarterly newsletter.
Creating Community Visions. LGMB. 1996.
Declaration on the Responsibility of Present Generations Towards Future Generations. UNESCO. 1997.
Dumb: Everything for Sale. The Guardian. 2000.
Disappearing World: 100 Things Your Grandchildren May Never See. 2005.
Earth: Health Check for a Planet and People Under Pressure. The Guardian, Action Aid. 2002.
Earth Summit II: A Scandalous Betrayal. FOE International. 1997.
Earth Summit II: LA21 in the UK. 1997.
Earth Summit II: the Moment of Truth. FOE International. 1997.
Earth Summit 2002: a New Deal. UNED Forum and EarthScan. 2001
Effective LSPs: Working with Voluntary and Community Sectors. LGA. 2001.
Ethical Consumer: Sustainable Consumption Special Issue. ECRA. 2003.
Examples of LSPs in Development. LGA. 2001.
Forum 2002 (CD-Rom). Forum 2002 Steering Group. 2002.
From Rio to Reality (video). FOE with LGMB, Environment Agency, WWF, et al. 1997.
Greening Economic Development. LGMB. 1993.
Growth Areas in the UK Social Economy. UK Social Investment Forum. 1998.
Innovations in Public Participation. LGMB. 1997.
Just the Beginning: the First Five Years of LA21. FOE. 1997.
Killing Two Birds with New Homes. Friends of the Earth. 1998.
LA21 Case Study Project. LGMB. 1997, 1998.
LA21 in the UK. Jane Morris, West DEN News.
LA21 in the UK: Special Review. UNCSD. 1996.
LA21 in the UK: Update Newsletters. LGMB, IDA Sustainable Development Agency. Quarterly.
LA21: its Relation to Agenda 21. FOE Germany. 1997.
LA21: Making it Work. FOE. 1998.
LA21 Principles and Process: a Step by Step Guide. LGMB. 1994.
LA21 Roundtable Guidance Notes. LGMB.
LA21 Strategy Cookbook. LGMB. 1996.
LA21: Survey Results. LGMB. 1996.
LA21: the Role of Local Groups. FOE. 1995.
LA21 UK: Review 1992 – 1997. LGMB. 1997.
LA21: Updates. LGMB.
Local Authorities and Sustainable Development. FOE. 1992.
Local Environment (sustainability practitioners journal). ICLEI and Carfax. Published from 1996.
Local Quality of Life Counts: A Handbook for a Menu of Local Indicators of Sustainable Development. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. 2000.
LSPs – A New Agenda. LGA.
LSPs: Government Guidance. DETR. 2001.
LSPs in Development. LGA. 2001.
Mainstreaming Sustainability Resource Pack. WWF-UK. 2002.
Modernising Local Government: In Touch With the People. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. 1998.
Modernising Local Government: Local Democracy and Community Leadership. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions. 1998.
Multi-stakeholder Processes for Governance and Sustainability: Beyond Deadlock and Conflict. UNED Forum and EarthScan. 2002.
National Strategy for Neighbourhood Renewal. Cabinet Office. 2000.
One Thousand Days. A Special Report on How to Live in the New Millennium. The Guardian, WWF-UK. 1999.
Opportunities for Change. DETR. 1998.
Painting the Town Hall Green. Friends of the Earth. 1991.
Participation Works! New Economics Foundation. 1999.
Perceptions of National Barriers to Local Sustainability: A Report for Friends of the Earth. 1998.
Policy, Process and Product in LA21. Professor Paul Selman.
Preparing Community Strategies: A Response from NCVS. 2000.
Preparing Community Strategies: Government Guidance to Local Authorities. ODPM. 2000.
Preparing Community Strategies: Issues and Advice. LGA. 2000.
Preparing Community Strategies. NCVO. 2000
Prove It! Measuring the Effect of Neighbourhood Renewal on Local People. New Economics Foundation. 2000.
Reaching the Summit: Johannesburg, the UK and Sustainable Development. Sustainable Development Commission. 2002
Regional Voluntary Sector Network Survey. Urban Forum, National Forum of Regional Networks. 1999.
The Road from Rio to Johannesburg. UNED Forum. 2001.
Snapshot of Community and Voluntary Sector Involvement in LSPs. Urban Forum. 2001
Stopping the Sprawl. Friends of the Earth. 1997.
Strong Local Leadership, Quality Public Services. ODPM. 2001.
Sustainable Development and the Modernising Local Agenda: Mainstream or Marginal? University of Westminster. 2001.
Sustainable Development Commission Review. SDC. First published 2001.
Sustainable Local Communities for the 21st Century: Why and How to Prepare an Effective LA21 Strategy. LGMB, LGA, DETR. 1998.
Sustainability Counts. Consultation Paper on a Set of Headline Indicators of Sustainable Development. DETR. 1998.
Sustainability Indicators Research Project Reports. LGMB, NEF, UNA. 1994 – 1995.
Sustainability Reporting. LGMB. 1996.
Sustainability Training Pack for Elected Members. LGMB. 1996.
Talking Shop: Getting Involved in Environmental Forums. FOE. 1994.
Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Urban Reform. Friends of the Earth. 1998.
Towards Earth Summit II: Local Planning Pack. UNED-UK, LGMB. 1997.
Towards Local Sustainability: A Review of Current Activity on LA21 in the UK. UNA Sustainable Development Unit, CDF. 1995.
Trade: An Insight Into the Way the World Does Business. The Guardian, Action Aid. 2003.
UK Strategy for Sustainable Development. DETR.
The UN and the Commission for Sustainable Development. UNED-UK.
UNCED 2002. Plan of Implementation of the WSSD. 2002.
A Vision for Our Common Future: UK Contribution to Earth Summit 2002. Stakeholder Forum. 2002.
What are LSPs? Urban Forum and RAWM. 2002.
What Should Earth Summit 2002 Be Trying to Achieve? UNED Forum. 2001.
Words Into Action: The WSSD. IIED. 2002.
WSSD Briefings. International Institute for Environment and Development, et al. 2002.
Your Council and the Environment: the Model Local Environment Charter. Central and Local Environment Forum.
Your Planet and How You Can Save It. The Independent. 2005.
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